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Vent – a
pipe-like gap in the ground which allows volcanic material
to pass through to the surface.
Vertical
integration – when companies at different stages of the same
industry merge or buy one another. E.g. oil companies now
own the vast majority of petrol stations.
Vertical
transfer – the transfer or transmission of energy from the
surface to the atmosphere, and up through the atmosphere.
Village -
a clustered human settlement or
community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a town or
city.
Vicious
circle – a downward spiral of negative feedback where a
trigger event starts a sequence of effects which continue to
make the situation worse.
Viscosity – lit. how resistant a substance is to a change in
form. In geography, mostly applied to lavas. Highly viscous
lavas do not change form easily and therefore flow very
slowly.
Visibility – the distance from which an object can be seen.
Visibility is typically reduced by
fog,
smog
or smoke.
The
maximum distance that can be seen depending on the
particulate content of the atmosphere.
Visible
trade – import and export of physical goods. Forms the
balance of trade and thus part of the
balance of
payments.
Volcanic
cone – see
volcano.
Volcanic
plume – the cloud of gases and solids ejected into the
atmosphere from a
volcano and then carried by the
wind.
Volcano
– a mountain created by the
eruption and deposition
of
lavas and ashes from a
vent in the ground
in a volcanic area.
von
Thunen model – a model to explain differences in agriculture
with distance from the market. For an in-depth explanation
see:
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/vonthunen.html
V-shaped
valley – the V-shape of the cross profile of a river valley
in its upper course. As the river has little energy, most
erosion is confined to periodic spurts when rainstorm events
allow an increase in energy and thus
traction and
abrasion of the channel bed. The channel thus cuts
vertically into the surface and the slopes are then
weathered back into a V-shape.
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